The only place where French might be an issue is in small-town Quebec and Northern New Brunswick. Everywhere else in Canada is English, for the most part, and in the larger cities of Quebec almost everyone is bilingual.
It's still a good idea to learn French, though. Very useful language.
If you don't plan on renting a car, I think the best way to see Canada is by train. I've taken the trains all over from Halifax N.S., to Churchill, MB, to Vancouver, B.C.! Compared with luxury tours, the train is very affordable. For only $923 ($831 for youth under 26 and full-time students) you get 12 days in a 30-day period of unlimited travel on any trains in Canada! This means that you can explore Canada at your own pace without worrying too much about reservations or schedules, and you get to see the country from the best point of view! Riding the rails will bring you right into the downtown core of each city you visit, so there won't be any additional transportation costs for taxis, etc. unless you fly in at the beginning of your trip.
If you're on a tight budget, you could also opt for a Greyhound Discovery Pass which gives you unlimited travel over various time periods. For example, a 15-day pass is $299. The bus isn't as pleasant or memorable as the train, though!
If you're coming from Eastern United States, below is a suggested itinerary for you. If you live in the Western United States, you might prefer to do this in reverse:
1- Take an Amtrak train (or Greyhound bus) from your town to Portland, Maine.
2- Take the Cat ferry from Portland to Yarmouth, Nova Scotia. ( www.catferry.com/ )
3- Take a shuttle bus from Yarmouth to Halifax. ( www.thecloudnineshuttle.com/ ).
4- After spending a few days in Halifax, take the VIA Rail train all through Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to Quebec City. ( viarail.ca ). The stop you will get off at is called "Charny".
5- Spend some time in the glorious old city of Quebec. If you have the means, I highly recommend staying at the Chateau Frontenac ( www.fairmont.com/frontenac ). If not, there are plenty of other cheaper hotels around.
6- Take a fast intercity VIA train to Montreal. You'll want to spend a few days here. If possible, stay at the Queen Elizabeth hotel ( www.fairmont.com/queenelizabeth/ ) but again there are other more affordable hotels, motels, and youth hostels all over.
7- Take another train onwards to Ottawa, the capital of Canada. Depending on how interested you are in politics, you may not want to spend the night here. It's possible just to arrive in the morning, spend the day, and catch a train out in the evening. Best hotel: The Chateau Laurier ( www.fairmont.com/laurier/ )
If you're into amusement parks, it's worth it to go to La Ronde ( laronde.com ) for a day. If you're 18 or older, then there is a huge club scene/nightlife on Crescent St., Saint-Catherine St., and Rue St-Denis. You should also check out the Casino de Montreal ( www.casino-de-montreal.com/ ).
8- Take a train to Toronto, Canada's largest city and the capital of Ontario. There's lots to see an do here. Ride on the historic streetcars, take the elevator to the top of the CN tower, and go to a play at one of this city's theatres. The best hotel is the Royal York ( www.fairmont.com/royalyork/ ), directly across the street from the train station. Another good option is the Courtyard by Marriott ( www.marriott.com/hotels/travel/yyzcy-courtyard-toronto-downtown/ ) which is in a somewhat more happening and lively district than the Royal York, and is just steps away from a subway station.
8a- You might want to take a side-trip down to Niagara Falls. You pass will let you take the thrice-daily VIA train, or you can pay $15.90 single or $31.80 return for a ticket on a GO train ( gotransit.com/publicroot/en/schedule/lstserdt.aspx?table=12&station=&new=Y ). The advantage to these trains is their frequency, but they aren't as comfortable and don't have any on-board services.
9- From Toronto, take the VIA Rail "Canadian" all the way across the country. A few places you might want to stop are Winnipeg, Saskatoon, Edmonton, and Jasper. Jasper in particular is a very popular tourist destination, right in the middle of a national park. You can stay at the Jasper Park Lodge ( www.fairmont.com/jasper ) if you have the money. If you're on a budget, Jasper probably isn't the town for you; everything's expensive there!
For Winnipeg, stay at any hotel in the French Quarter or around the Forks area. Their most luxurious hotel is the Fairmont Winnipeg ( www.fairmont.com/winnipeg ), but it's in the fairly boring Financial District.
For Edmonton, Fantasyland Hotel ( www.fantasylandhotel.com ). It's a very unique experience with amazing themed rooms. It's attached to the West Edmonton Mall, one of the largest indoor malls in the world, which includes an indoor theme park and water park
10- You'll arrive in Vancouver a few days after leaving Toronto, and you can spend a few days there. It's a wonderful city. Definitely check out China Town, the port of Vancouver, and take the "sky train".
11- From North Vancouver, take the ferry to Nanaimo on Vancouver Island. ( www.bcferries.com/schedules/mainland/hbna-current.html ).
12- From Nanaimo, take the VIA train to Victoria. Victoria has the best weather in Canada. I'd recommend either the Delta Victoria Ocean Pointe ( www.deltahotels.com/hotels/hotels.php?hotelId=51 ) or the Fairmont Empress ( www.fairmont.com/empress/ ).
Take the "harbour taxi" to get around. Don't forget to visit the Royal B.C. Museum ( www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca ), one of my personal favourite museums in the country.
13- Once finished in Victoria, take the "Clipper" ferry to Seattle ( www.clippervacations.com/ferry/ ) and continue by Amtrak, Greyhound, or airplane back to your hometown.
Additional Notes:
- I don't recommend flying to Canada. It's much cheaper to fly to a city near the boarder (like Portland ME, Burlington VT, Buffalo NY, Detroit MI, Fargo ND, Seattle WA) and take a bus or train across the boarder.
- Of course there are other accommodations than the luxury ones mentioned above. An excellent resource for finding budget youth hostels is at www.hihostels.ca/ , the Canadian chapter of Hostels International. You can always trust the places listed on this website to be clean, safe, and cheap.
- If you prefer to take buses rather than trains for budget reasons, you can substitute each leg of this trip. In Nova Scotia and New Brunswick there's Acadian Bus Lines ( acadianbus.com ), in Quebec there's Orleans Express ( orleansexpress.com ) among other various bus companies ( www.cptdb.ca/wiki/index.php/Canadian_Coach_Operators#Quebec ), in British Columbia there's Pacific Coach Lines ( pacificcoach.com ), and in the rest of the country there's Greyhound ( greyhound.ca ).
Many of these buses can be used with the Discovery Pass ( www.discoverypass.com/ ).
For more travel ideas in Canada, check out my website at http://sites.google.com/site/canadaodysseys . The site is currently a work in progress, but check back often for updates!